Sharpe (Note 239, 339): "blackness was, blackness is, a status offense"
footnote 375: "[Saidya] Hartman writes that 'Status offenses were critical to the remaking of a racist order in the aftermath of Emancipation and they accelerated the growing disparity between black and white rates of incarceration in northern cities at the beginning of the twentieth century ... Antiblack racism fundamentally shaped the development of 'status criminality.' In turn, status criminality was tethered ineradicably to whiteness"