Tuchman 41: "Higher education is one of the last revered western institutions to be 'de-churched'; that is, it is one of the last to have its ideological justification recast in terms of corporatization and commodification to become subject to serious state surveillance."
"[M]any sociological commentators agree that since the last half of the 20th century, many once-sacrosanct institutions have been de-churched. Law and medicine are probably the two most studied examples, for both professions have undergone extensive re-organization."
42: "[A]nother sociological way of analyzing these changes in law, medicine, and academia is to say that lawyers, doctors, and professors are being 'de-professionalized.' They are losing their hold on self-determination--their ability to recruit, certify, and expel practitioners. Social forces are also weakening both their license and mandate (Hughes 1958); that is their ability to define their own rights and responsibilities."