Trevor Jackson, at NYRB: "In the 1990s a [...] set of policies, then known as 'shock therapy,' suddenly converted the formerly Communist economies of Eastern Eurpose and the Soviet Union to free markets. Around the Global South, and especially in the rapidly industrializing countries of East Asia after the 1997 financial crisis, 'structural adjustment' policies that were conditions for IMF bailouts again brought liberalization, privatization, and fiscal discipline. The same policies were enforced on the European periphery after 2009, in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spani, again, either as conditions for bailouts or through EU fiscal restrictions and restrictive European Central Bank policy."